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Tip 1: 弄清楚聽的目的
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＊ 如果你開始聽某段話之前有個目標，你會發現“聽懂”並不那麼難。
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問一問自己，在聽一段話之前，你想知道什麼？是內容大意還是某些特定的資訊？
A.
如果目標是內容大意，就把注意力放在內容一再重覆的部份。一般而言, 主要大意大都出現在對話最前面與最後面所說的部份。
B.
如果目標是掌握某些特定的資訊，先預測資訊出現之前，說話的人可能說些什麼。
C.
注意聽「導引字」。比如說，購物主題一定有如 price(價格）/
cost
(要價) / 或 dollars (金額)等關鍵字出現。
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| Tip 2: 掌握相關背景資訊 |
| 如能先掌握和主題有關的基本知識，也能使你容易“聽懂”。例如談到購車的主題，如果你對車子的馬力，哩數，貸款等基本觀念都知道，在聽到與車商對話打交道的細節資訊時，就比較容易聽得懂。 |
| Tip 3: 先預測再觀察 |
大部份的對話和演講都有一定的格式，你可訓練自己在還沒開始聽之前就先預想說話的人可能會說些什麼。
如果你在還沒開始聽之前，預先想到某些說話片段的重點，等你聽的時候，你需求聽到的新資訊就可以少一些。實際進行聽力訓練的時候，觀察你所聽到的和你所預測的有多相近，你會發現那些和你預測相符的部份是你已經會的部份。常做預測訓練，記住每次和你預測不同的部份，你的聽力將技巧快速進步。 |
| Tip 4: 被強調的字詞 |
| 聽的時候，注意聽那些被大聲說出與輕聲帶過的字。大聲說出被強調的字通常包含了重要訊息，比較不重要的字就會被輕輕快速地帶過，比如說，在“那部車的價錢真是便宜！”這句話中，你會發現
“價錢”與 “便宜”這些字被強調出來。 |
| Tip 5: 注意說話者的語調 |
| 在對話中的短語如 Indeed (的確), Oh, I see. (我明白了), Really? (真的嗎？)
等表示聽者回應與或贊同談話內容。相反地，如果你聽到說話者用上揚的語調，則表示疑問或打斷對話要求解釋。 |
| Tip 6: 注意非言語的線索 |
說話者的肢體語言可以透露話題內容，即使聽不懂話，你仍然可以從肢體語言會意。因此，應訓練自己不但用耳朵聽也用眼睛去看。
在圖片測驗中，除注意對話內容，對圖片內人事的反應也很重要。他們何時微笑？何時又顯得無趣？注意這些也可以幫你猜出一些聽不懂的部份並可能對某些片段的話語掌握的更好。
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增進聽力的重點與方法
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| 如何有效增進聽力? |
要增進聽力，可以透過廣播、電視節目、外國影集、電影、雜誌或書籍配合錄音帶或CD
甚至和外國人多交談來訓練及增進聽力。然而，要聽清每個字的發音，並真正理解內容，很不容易。
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| 1.
聽的重點: |
當訓練聽力時，要集中精神，專注於播音員的聲音，並且抓住重點並能瞭解正確意義。
(1) 注意內容字(content words)，
(2) 由理解的內容字，把握住內容大意。
(3) 不要停頓在未聽清楚的音或一直回想未聽懂的單字，才不致於妨礙對其他內容的理解。
2. 辨別內容字(content words) 與功能字(function words):
(1) 內容字(content words)是指名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等有實質意義的字，通常是重讀的字(stress words)，比較容易聽出來。
(2) 功能字(function words)是指冠詞、介系詞、代名詞、連接詞、助動詞等，表示文法作用的字，通常不是重讀的字(stress words)，比較不容易聽出來。功能字在快速的講話中，常隱於重讀的內容字之中，要特別留意才能聽出來。
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| 2.
聽寫(dictation): |
| 訓練正確聽懂外語的最好方法，就是聽寫(dictation)。聽寫這種方法，能幫助學習者找出聽力的弱點所在，例如那些音是自己難於分辨的，那些音是容易漏掉而聽不到的。如此對症下藥，反覆練習，聽力就會進步很快。
一邊聽錄音帶或CD時，就一邊寫下聽到的內容。聽寫時最好隔行書寫。聽不清楚的地方，則照著所能聽出的聲音做記錄，練習幾次之後，再對照原文，訂正錯誤，並妥為保存，以作為下次改進聽力的參考資料。
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| 3. 聽的方法: |
1. 重讀(follow- up):
學習者可預備好適當的教材(錄音帶或CD)。在聽到聲音時，先不要看教材內容，而是照著播音員所講的速度，唸出聲音，等告一段落，再對照內容。
這種緊隨著播音員的發音方法，即是重讀(follow-
up)，在做此訓練時，必須全神貫注於播音員的聲音，不能分心。
此外，可同時將自己的發音錄下，然後做比較。訓練時，要求自己的發音、速度、抑揚頓挫及語調等，儘量和播音員一致，如此長久下來，您在外語的讀與說方面，就會有顯著的進步。
當然，剛開始時很難跟上播音員的速度。不過只要繼續不斷的反覆練習，您一定可以說出流利的外語，也可以藉由此[重讀]訓練法，對外語的聽力，有直接的幫助。
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英語聽力技巧運用
Listening Strategies: We listen with our
minds, not ears! |
學習者應注意如相似音、同音異字、多義字、片語用法，熟悉連音、語調等，並能瞭解語言情境及英語正式/非正式用語、直接/間接/暗示語用法，掌握基本聽講溝通技巧
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| 1.
Why is listening so difficult for you? |
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Dialects, accents, stresses,
rhythms, intonations, mispronunciations
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Little or no control over the speed of the input of spoken material
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Spoken material is often heard only once without any second chances.
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Can't pause to work out the meanings during a conversation.
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Dealing with more than one task, such as formal note-taking, writing down messages,
or operating equipment while listening to instructions.
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| 2. Developing effective
listening habits and strategies: |
- 猜測會話主題
- 訓練觀察力，分析語境 ( Formal / informal; rehearsed / un-rehearsed; responsive?)
(Context / Visual clues: facial expression, gestures, and other body language
as well as the surrounding environment
- 找出關鍵字，相關字彙聯想
- 辨認片語 & 句法結構 watch TV, see movies, ride horses, play the piano,
drink ice cold water, catch a cold, climb up the mountains
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| 3. The types and process
of listening（聽力的種類與過程） |
| 3.1 The types: |
- Content listening: listen
for directions or oral announcements from authority figures
- Critical listening: listen for and judge the messages conveyed in the mass media:
television, the internet, radio, and the newspaper.
- Empathic listening: listen for special feelings, differing opinions or personal
experiences
- Appreciative listening: listen for enjoyment when watching different programs:
a concert, a movie, and possibly, a theater play.
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| 3.2 Characteristics of
the listening process |
- sounds input - hearing-
decoding- get message- responding
- Receiving: physically hearing the message and taking note of it.
- Interpreting: Presupposition & Reference & Implication
- Remembering: Storing a message for future reference
- Evaluating: Applying critical thinking skills to separate fact from opinion
- Responding: Reacting by applause, laughter, silence, or verbal feedback
- Revising assumptions: Adjustments--check what you understand
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| 4.1 Barriers to Effective
Listening |
- Prejudgment: Jumping into
conclusions close their minds to additional information
- Self-centeredness: Shifting attention from the speaker to themselves
- Out-listening: Listening selectively & Disparity between the rate of speech
(120-150 w/m) and rate of thought (500-800 w/m)
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| 4.2
Context & Semantic
associations: How do we listen with our minds? |
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In English the following
sentences are often referred to as A PLAY ON WORDS.
GIRL : Say you love me! Say you love me!
BOY : You love me...
GIRL : If we become engaged will you give me a ring??
BOY : Sure, what's your
phone number??
GIRL : John says I'm pretty. Andy says I'm ugly.
What do you think, Peter?
BOY : A bit of both. I think
you're pretty ugly.
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| 4.3 Improving Your Listening
Skills |
- Listening for concept,
key ideas, and facts
- Be able to distinguish between evidence and argument, idea and example, fact
and principle
- Analyze the key points—whether they make sense and are supported by facts
- Using context clues, structure pattern, and intonation clues
- Look for unspoken message in the speaker's tone of voice or expressions
- Keep an open mind
- Ask questions that clarify
- Reserve judgment until the speaker has finished
- Take meaningful notes that are brief and to the point
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| 5. Effective listening
practices（有效的聽力練習） |
| 5.1
sounds |
@同音異字:
here / hear, ate
/ eight, son / sun
@相似音: fries / flies, plan / plane, commuter / committee
He / She is coming to play / today.
pit pet bet / bear tear ear beer
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| 5.2 words 字彙連結 |
@找出關鍵字
for transportation: buses, trains, east, tracks
@介系詞 / 連接詞 / 轉折語
@多義字: book, wind, blew / The park is huge. |
5.3
Syntax Yes-No Questions
(Do, Will, Can, Should, Be)
Wh-Information Questions (who-whose, when, why, where, what, how)
Subject & Verb Agreement |
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代名詞: Danny comes from Xian, and he stays in Beijing now.
It is our shipment, so we’ll pay for it.
時態: Last week we hoped you would come.
比較 This car is better than that car.
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What
does Mary do? She is a director.
What time is it?
Lunchtime.
What's your name? Tony White.
What's your idea?
It's great!
How do you get here?
By bus.
How much does the book cost? Twenty dollars.
How many people attended?
About two thousand.
How long did the lecture last?
About two hours.
How often do you visit here?
Once a week.
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